Continuous forest at higher elevation plays a key role in maintaining bird and mammal diversity across an Andean coffee-growing landscape
Corresponding Author
M. J. Bedoya-Durán
School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Animal, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Correspondence
María Juliana Bedoya-Durán, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorH. H. Jones
The Institute for Bird Populations, Petaluma, CA, USA
Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
Search for more papers by this authorK. M. Malone
School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
Department of Environmental Science & Ecology, State University of New York-Brockport, Brockport, NY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorL. C. Branch
Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M. J. Bedoya-Durán
School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Animal, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Correspondence
María Juliana Bedoya-Durán, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorH. H. Jones
The Institute for Bird Populations, Petaluma, CA, USA
Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
Search for more papers by this authorK. M. Malone
School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
Department of Environmental Science & Ecology, State University of New York-Brockport, Brockport, NY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorL. C. Branch
Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Search for more papers by this authorEditor: Karl Evans
Associate Editor: Lisanne Petracca
Abstract
Shade coffee is among the most widespread and economically important crops in montane tropical regions and is considered more hospitable to wildlife than non-shaded crops. Questions remain regarding the value of shade coffee as habitat for wildlife, however, given the historical research focus on small-bodied and canopy species. Simultaneously, climate-driven upslope migration of coffee crops represents an emerging threat to well-conserved tropical montane forest at higher elevations. This study examined ground-dwelling birds and medium-large mammals in a shade coffee landscape of the Western Andes of Colombia. We asked the following questions: (1) How do bird and mammal occupancy, richness, and community composition change from continuous forest at higher elevations to middle-elevation forest fragments and shade coffee? (2) Do birds and mammals differ in their response to shade coffee? (3) Do high-elevation forests contribute to maintaining biodiversity in mid-elevation shade coffee? We sampled birds and mammals with camera traps in middle-elevation shade coffee plantations and forest fragments and in continuous forest further upslope. We then used a multi-species occupancy model to correct for imperfect detection and to estimate occupancy, richness, and community composition. Shade coffee lacked ~50% of the bird and mammal species found in continuous forest, primarily large-bodied and insectivorous birds and forest-specialist and large-bodied mammals. Forest fragment richness was closer to shade coffee than to continuous forest, but species composition significantly differed between coffee and both forest types. Birds in coffee plantations were generally a unique subset of disturbance-adapted specialists, whereas mammals in coffee were mostly generalists. Distance from continuous forest was the most important landscape-level predictor of occupancy for both taxa, suggesting that this forest plays a key role in maintaining biodiversity across the coffee landscape. Biodiversity conservation in shade coffee landscapes, therefore, will be ineffective unless linked to landscape-level initiatives that conserve higher elevation tropical montane forest.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| acv12857-sup-0001-Supinfo.docxWord 2007 document , 1.3 MB | Table S1. Species of ground-dwelling birds captured on cameras, IUCN status, published altitudinal range, and number of independent records in shade coffee plantations, forest fragments, and continuous forest in the Serranía de Los Paraguas region in the Western Andes of Colombia from July 2016 to July 2018. Table S2. Species of mammals captured on cameras, IUCN status, published altitudinal range, and number of independent records in shade coffee plantations, forest fragments, and continuous forest in the Serranía de Los Paraguas region of the Western Andes of Colombia from July 2016 to July 2018. Table S3. Overall producer's and user's accuracies and confusion matrix for the model used to build the land-use map. Table S4. Table showing the travel cost assigned for each class. Table S5. Covariates (mean ± SD) by land-use type used to model species detectability and occupancy and to control for the altitudinal gradient in the landscape. Table S6. Correlation coefficients among vegetation and landscape variables used to model species detectability and occupancy and control for the elevational gradient. Figure S1. Land-use map and forest polygon built to calculate landscape level variables for the multi-species occupancy model. Figure S2. GIS layers (a and b) built to produce a final human disturbance map (c). |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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